X-Linked Ectodermal Dysplasia

Body function:

Skin

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X-linked ectodermal dysplasia (XHED) is a genetic disorder that arises from a mutation in the EDA gene, which is crucial for the development of tissues derived in the ectoderm (the outermost of three primary germ layers in the embryo, which forms many of the body's outer structures). These issues include the skin, hair, nails, teeth, and exocrine glands, which produce and secrete substances like sweat, saliva, and digestive enzymes. In dogs with XHED, the development of these structures is abnormal. The condition is passed down through an X-linked recessive pattern, which means it is more frequently observed in males who receive the mutated gene from their mothers.

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List of affected breeds:

Genetic research has linked this gene and condition in the following breeds:

German Shepherd

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What does this mean for a dog with this trait?

Caring for a dog with X-linked ectodermal dysplasia (XHED) involves managing the symptoms and taking preventive measures to ensure a good quality of life. Dietary adjustments, like opting for soft food, may be necessary to accommodate dental issues. Since affected dogs are prone to skin conditions, it's essential to protect their skin from sunburn and excessive drying by providing shade and using moisturizing products as needed. Regular eye care is vital to manage dry eye and prevent infections, which may involve artificial tears or other medications prescribed by a veterinarian. Monitoring for signs of respiratory infections is crucial, as early intervention can prevent complications. With proper care, dogs with XHED can lead relatively normal lives.

Symptoms

Symptoms of X-linked ectodermal dysplasia usually appear at birth, with affected dogs displaying symmetrical hair loss on the forehead and lower back. They may also have malformed or missing teeth, affecting their ability to chew food. Another symptom is the absence or abnormality of sweat glands, which can lead to the inability to sweat and increase the risk of overheating. Tear production is also often impaired, resulting in dry eye. Additionally, affected dogs are more susceptible to respiratory infections. Chronic nasal discharge is a common issue. Most dogs with XHED can survive to adulthood, but respiratory infections can occasionally be fatal.

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